TY - JOUR

T1 - SMA observations of young disks

T2 - Separating envelope, disk, and stellar masses in class I YSOs

AU - Lommen, D.

AU - Jørgensen, J. K.

AU - Van Dishoeck, E. F.

AU - Crapsi, A.

PY - 2008/4/1

Y1 - 2008/4/1

N2 - Context.Young stars are born with envelopes, which in the early stages obscure the central (proto)star and circumstellar disk. In the Class I stage, the disks are still young, but the envelopes are largely dispersed. This makes the Class I sources ideal targets for studies of the early stages of disks.Aims.We aim to determine the masses of the envelopes, disks, and central stars of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Class I stage.Methods.We observed the embedded Class I objects IRS 63 and Elias 29 in the Ophiuchi star-forming region with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 1.1 mm.Results.IRS 63 and Elias 29 are both clearly detected in the continuum, with peak fluxes of 459 and 47 mJy/beam, respectively. The continuum emission toward Elias 29 is clearly resolved, whereas IRS 63 is consistent with a point source down to a scale of 3 (400 AU). The SMA data are combined with single-dish data, and both disk masses of 0.055 and 0.007 and envelope masses of 0.058 and 0.058 are empirically determined for IRS 63 and Elias 29, respectively. The disk+envelope systems are modelled with the axisymmetric radiative-transfer code RADMC, yielding disk and envelope masses that differ from the empirical results by factors of a few. HCO -2 is detected toward both sources, HCN -2 is not. The HCO position-velocity diagrams are indicative of Keplerian rotation and allow an estimate of the mass of the central stars. For a fiducial inclination of 30°, we find stellar masses of for IRS 63 and for Elias 29.Conclusions.The sensitivity and spatial resolution of the SMA at 1.1 mm allow a good separation of the disks around Class I YSOs from their circumstellar envelopes and environments, and the spectral resolution makes it possible to resolve their dynamical structure and estimate the masses of the central stars. The ratios of the envelope and disk masses are found to be 0.2 for IRS 63 and 6 for Elias 29. This is lower than the values for Class 0 sources, which have , suggesting that this ratio is a tracer of the evolutionary stage of a YSO.

AB - Context.Young stars are born with envelopes, which in the early stages obscure the central (proto)star and circumstellar disk. In the Class I stage, the disks are still young, but the envelopes are largely dispersed. This makes the Class I sources ideal targets for studies of the early stages of disks.Aims.We aim to determine the masses of the envelopes, disks, and central stars of young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Class I stage.Methods.We observed the embedded Class I objects IRS 63 and Elias 29 in the Ophiuchi star-forming region with the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 1.1 mm.Results.IRS 63 and Elias 29 are both clearly detected in the continuum, with peak fluxes of 459 and 47 mJy/beam, respectively. The continuum emission toward Elias 29 is clearly resolved, whereas IRS 63 is consistent with a point source down to a scale of 3 (400 AU). The SMA data are combined with single-dish data, and both disk masses of 0.055 and 0.007 and envelope masses of 0.058 and 0.058 are empirically determined for IRS 63 and Elias 29, respectively. The disk+envelope systems are modelled with the axisymmetric radiative-transfer code RADMC, yielding disk and envelope masses that differ from the empirical results by factors of a few. HCO -2 is detected toward both sources, HCN -2 is not. The HCO position-velocity diagrams are indicative of Keplerian rotation and allow an estimate of the mass of the central stars. For a fiducial inclination of 30°, we find stellar masses of for IRS 63 and for Elias 29.Conclusions.The sensitivity and spatial resolution of the SMA at 1.1 mm allow a good separation of the disks around Class I YSOs from their circumstellar envelopes and environments, and the spectral resolution makes it possible to resolve their dynamical structure and estimate the masses of the central stars. The ratios of the envelope and disk masses are found to be 0.2 for IRS 63 and 6 for Elias 29. This is lower than the values for Class 0 sources, which have , suggesting that this ratio is a tracer of the evolutionary stage of a YSO.

KW - Circumstellar matter

KW - Stars: formation

KW - Stars: individual: Elias 29

KW - Stars: individual: IRS 63

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=41449094308&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361:20077543

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361:20077543

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:41449094308

VL - 481

SP - 141

EP - 147

JO - Astronomy & Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy & Astrophysics

SN - 0004-6361

IS - 1

ER -